Social Roles in Society Essay -- Sociology Psychology Essays

Social Roles in SocietySocial psychology, as defined by the Microsoft Bookshelf, is the branch of human psychology that deals with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual. Social roles are one of the many sub - categories of social psychology. I believe social roles to be the elbow room we, as individuals, act in certain situations such as home life, educational and economic statue, peer groups, etc. The prison house Simulation by Haney, Banks & Zimbardo is honourable one of the vast studies in this area. In this study we will see how people take roles in life, and in simulated life situations. Social roles are not fictitious, it is in fact a very real occurrence that many people deal with ever day, whether it be with them selves or with other individuals. The Prison Simulation, studied by Haney, Banks & Zimbardo is quite impressive as to how extensive the study actually is. Due to lack of length in this paper the synopsis dealing with this s tudy will be brief. The experiment consisted of 24 voluntary men who were divided into two groups Guards and Inmates. Both groups were given uniforms to encourage their roles in the prison scenario. The subjects forthwith began to take on rolls as to how they thought they should act. The prison had a much greater impact on all persons than could have been anticipated. The study was supposed to hold water 14 days, but due to extreme emotional depression the study ended after 6 days. In the spring of 1998, my Law a...

Evil Villains in Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen Essay -- Northanger A

Evil Villains in Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen In Jane Austens, Northanger Abbey, John Thorpe and General Tilney are portrayed as unpleasant villains. Villains are specify as, a wicked or evil person a scoundrel (The American Heritage Dictionary http//www.dictionary.com/search?q= villain). Austen description of both men as power-hungry, easily upset, and manipulative follows this definition. She introduces both characters in separate parts of the book, however simultaneously she delivers a stunning example of their identical villainous personalities. Through the line drawing of John Thorpe and General Tilney as villains, Austen comments on the male supremacy that permeates through her time. In the first half of the novel, John Thorpe stands out as the villain of the novel. He is introduced as a, stout young man of middling height, who, with a plain face and ungraceful form, seemed fearful of being too handsome unless he wore the do of a groom, and to much like a gentle man unless he were roaring where he ought to be civil, and imprudent where he might be allowed to be easy (Austen 25). Following the initial description, John is introduced to Catherine. Rather than engaging in personable dialogue, he brags about the quality and speed of his horses, his authority on ascertaining distances, and his proficiency in leading his horses. Immediately, the reader is struck with the similarity of John to an immature schoolboy. Although Austen continues to portray John as juvenile, she does not develop him into the villain until later in the novel. part Catherines love grows for her hero, Henry Tilney, John also develops affection for Catherine. During this struggle for Catherines love, John begins to mature into the classic villain. For example, during a normal evening at the ball, Catherine had promises to dance with Henry Tilney. However, Thorpe approaches Catherine and declares, What is the meaning of this? - I thought you and I were to dance togeth er (Austen 46). Catherine is flustered since this declaration is false. After a barrage of half-truths, John erstwhile again talks about his beloved horses and his knowledge of them. Suddenly without any type of closure, he is wisped away by the resistless pressure of a broad string of passing ladies (Austen 47). In this section of the novel, John Thorpe quickly becomes dislikeable and Jan... ... that she came from a wealthy family of consequence. However, when the General bumps into John during Catherines visit at Northanger Abbey, John fix his baloney. Bitter that Catherine had fallen in love with Henry and rejected him, he changes his entire story and tells the General she only from a middle class family. Jane Austen completes her story with a Cinderella ending of Catherine and Henry marrying. However, her novel is more than a fairytale ending. Although often wrong and misguided in their judgments, she shows the supremacy of males that permeated throughout her society. Jane Austen takes us from a portrayal of men as rude, self-centered, and opinionate to uncaring, demanding, and lying to downright ruthless, hurtful, and evil. John Thorpes and General Tilneys total disregard for others feelings and their villainous ways prove Austens point. Whether reading Northanger Abbey for the happy ending or the moral lesson, this novel has much to offer. BibliographyThe American Heritage Dictionary. Fourth Edition. 9 November 2000. 4 March 2002. http//www.dictionary.com/search?q=VILLAINAusten, Jane. Northanger Abbey. Hertfordshire Wordsworth Classics.

Judicial Process of the Supreme Court Essay -- American Government, Su

Natures Judicial Process in the overbearing hook consists of decision-making based on the jurisdiction of the Supreme romance. Although the Supreme Court has the capability to decide all extended slicknesss it also has the power to ascend under the Constitution, which allows the Supreme Court its jurisdiction in the Judicial Branch of government. The Judicial Process interpret the laws that are established in the Supreme Court thus, allowing the Court to exercise its power by fault its system under the Constitutional laws of the United States. Throughout the Supreme Court, many cases have been rejected and are deposed of, but the Supreme Court approves only sealed cases. Thus, the Supreme Court reconciles the issue of that specific case, which is then obtained and written by the Chief Justice of the Court as the final conclusion. Cases that are controversial contribute in great effect in the Supreme Court. For instance, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 was one o f the most controversial cases that the Supreme Court had to resolve it violated the Equal Protection clause of the fourteenth Amendment. The case that violated an individual right was the case of Gideon vs. Wainwright in 1963, which violated the ordinal Amendment in a criminal case for the defendant. The case of Miranda vs. Arizona in 1966 is another controversial case that the Supreme Court had to base its judgment in order to have the individuals rights read to them due to the violation of the Fifth Amendment. Cases that are controversial have set many concerns throughout the judicial process of the Supreme Court therefore, the progress of the people in the Judicial Branch was recognized to appreciate how far the Court has advanced and how superior in power the ... ...s considered to be encroachments to the Amendment and the Constitution. When Miranda was not told of his right to silence when asked by an officer, sparked the controversial case that convicted him of violating th e Constitution even though the rights of Miranda was never read to him. Despite the fact of his rights, Mirandas case is an issue that the Supreme Court has not faced yet. However, the case is controversial since ones right is not informed, so in the Warren Court the affirmation of a criminal was to have his rights read despite being a criminal. If the obtainment of any items that are evident will be confiscated lawlessly since the right has not been addressed, so the evidence is not valid for the officer to obtain. During the time of the case, the decision was thought to cause more than controversy, but allowing criminals to set blame out of prison.

Production Report on Thriller Film Essay example -- Papers

Production Report on Thriller Film For my production unit, I chose Brief 1 Thriller Film. This is due to my spare-time activity in them and the confidence I have in producing my own, which I found from GCSE television advertising work and in my ability to deconstruct existing films. In order to fulfil my brief successfully, I had to perform several areas of research, which allow for make the product look like products in real life and see that I know and can use the appropriate codes and conventions. I also watched a non-Hollywood film, the French film La Haine. Comparing the two different sorts of films, emphasised the codes and conventions that I needed to use for my classic Hollywood film. For example, the 180degree rule, continuity and the way sound is constructed to fit the distance of source from camera. To go into more detail about typical Hollywood style, I deconstructed many sequences in terms of shots and techniques in existing Hollywood thriller films, with a fifteen or eighteen certificate looking at the codes and conventions specifically apply in them to create the effect desired e.g. the use of incidental music and silences filming the villain so his face is never fully shown using muted lighting to create shadows low and high angled shots to create the feeling of power and control close-ups of eyes to show fear slow, long-held shots to create tension. A event favourite film of mine was Silence of the Lambs- a film by Jonathan Demme, because the tension created was a quite a little subtler and there was very little violence or save in the film- the enjoyment came out of the highly detailed characters and the i... ... my film was an older, more sophisticated audience than most thriller films- probably the same audience as Silence of the Lambs, who will appreciate little action and detailed characters. I think my film does target this audience as it involves complex emotions and i n the opening sequence, a lot of mystery and things to work- it is not self-explanatory-an enigma and I think an older audience would enjoy this factor of the film. Overall I am pleased with the effect I have created in my sequence. I think it sets up the rest period of the film well and this opening sequence would make an audience want to watch the rest of the film. I believe that my film follows enough conventions to be called a Classic Hollywood Realism film and although the quality is not brilliant due to lack of technology, I am pleased with the result.

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Essay -- History Greece Creek Females Es

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Works Cited Missing Ancient Athens was a highly polarized society in which citizenship meant everything. Citizenship permitted individuals to not only go into in the democratic government only also gave them access to all the rights and splendors of the city. Acitizen controlled influence over slaves, foreigners and most importantly women. Athenian women were relegated to the status of electric razor bearers and keepers of the household. There was no room for personal expression or freedom and the strict moral code in many cases restricted these women from even exit their homes. There was a select group of women however who overcame these obstacles to achieve greater sexual, economical, and social freedom. They were the vilifys. The freedom which prostitutes enjoyed would be better understood only after graduation exercise assessing the status of respectable women in Athens. Girls were raised from an early age to learn domestic affairs and were to be wed even as early as the age of fourteen (Just 1989 40). Marriage was almost mandatory as single women were looked upon as shameful and might even be labeled as whores. The wedlock was almost always arranged by the father or kyrios and from this point on the womans role was clear. Pericles gives a good explanation of the ideal wife in his famous Funeral Oration when reminding the women of Athens that Your great glory is not to be inferior in the way nature made you and the greatest glory is hers who is to the lowest degree talked about by men, whether in praise or in blame (Thucydides 2.45). This implies that an Athenians woman virtue lay in her absence from the public eye. Athenians made accepted to protect their wives virtue by excluding women f... ...culed on the stage and was later brought to trial on charges of impiety (Cantarella 1987 55). Her individuality and intelligence not only angered but frightened the Athenian misogynists even though she was eventually acquitted. Aspasia clearly shows how much freedom was available to a prostitute in Athenian society. The life of the prostitute in Athens was clearly a more liberal lifestyle than most women enjoyed in which the woman could aspire to wealth, independence and even indirect semipolitical power. The only setback to these benefits was the scorn of women and the contempt of men when a prostitute became too prominent. Women like Aspasia helped introduce an early type of feminism in the unlikeliest of settings. The Athenian prostitutes were clearly women that refused to succumb to the male dominated society that saw women as inherently inferior beings.

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Essay -- History Greece Creek Females Es

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Works Cited Missing Ancient Athens was a highly polarized society in which citizenship meant everything. Citizenship permitted individuals to not only enter in the democratic government plainly also gave them access to all the rights and splendors of the city. Acitizen controlled influence over slaves, foreigners and most importantly women. Athenian women were relegated to the status of boor bearers and keepers of the household. There was no room for personal expression or freedom and the strict moral code in many cases restricted these women from even leaving their homes. There was a select group of women however who overcame these obstacles to achieve greater sexual, economical, and social freedom. They were the misemploys. The freedom which prostitutes enjoyed would be better understood only after outgrowth assessing the status of respectable women in Athens. Girls were raised from an early age to learn domestic affairs and were to be w ed even as early as the age of fourteen (Just 1989 40). Marriage was almost mandatory as single women were looked upon as shameful and might even be labeled as whores. The man and wife was almost always arranged by the father or kyrios and from this point on the womans role was clear. Pericles gives a good explanation of the ideal wife in his famous Funeral Oration when reminding the women of Athens that Your great glory is not to be inferior in the way nature made you and the greatest glory is hers who is to the lowest degree talked about by men, whether in praise or in blame (Thucydides 2.45). This implies that an Athenians woman virtue lay in her absence from the public eye. Athenians made surely to protect their wives virtue by excluding women f... ...culed on the stage and was later brought to trial on charges of impiety (Cantarella 1987 55). Her individuality and intelligence not only angered but frightened the Athenian misogynists even though she was eventually acquitted. Aspasia clearly shows how much freedom was available to a prostitute in Athenian society. The life of the prostitute in Athens was clearly a more liberal lifestyle than most women enjoyed in which the woman could aspire to wealth, independence and even indirect semipolitical power. The only setback to these benefits was the scorn of women and the contempt of men when a prostitute became too prominent. Women like Aspasia helped introduce an early type of feminism in the unlikeliest of settings. The Athenian prostitutes were clearly women that refused to succumb to the male dominated society that saw women as inherently inferior beings.

“Lord of the Flies” †novel by William Golding (1954) Essay

In this essay I will be comparison the three approaches to the incident of gluttonouss death. This is a in truth significant moment in the overlord of the Flies and symbolises how outcasts are treated in a broken down society. I will be comparing the novel by William Golding, with the get by Peter Brook and the film by Harry Hook. The au and sotic book was written directly after cosmos War 2, which had a great influence on how Golding decided to plan and write his book. The original book is the true Lord of the Flies, and the films are adaptations of the original novel. The film that was made in 1961 by Peter Brook was a very close interpretation of the original novel.The characters are the alike, the setting is akin, and the whole report card loosely follows the same pattern as the book. Brook used thirty boys, aged eight to fourteen with non-acting backgrounds, as they all came from a randomly picked capital of the United Kingdom school. He took them to an island off Puerto Rico for 3 months, in which time he film this masterpiece, which was ground breaking at the time and closely followed the book. It was original and daring, and was filmed in black and white with restricted amount of equipment. In contrast, the second film produced by Harry Hook in 1994, which was based on the same estimate, exclusively was set in different situations.The audience he was attracting needed much more action and adventure, which the old version doesnt show and would believably be laughed at by Hooks audience. The film needed to be original, which it was to his audience, but he cleverly used the book and the opposite film as a basis on which to build his ideas. The film, Lord of the Flies by Harry Hook was filmed in colour, with American actors playing as army cadets with mod cons such as army knives and watches. Changes such as including adults in the story and use of strong wrangle add a entwine to the original novel, and which isnt portrayed in the 1961 version . It moves completely away from Goldings original narrative, and his initial intentions.The opening shot is similar in the three versions of Lord of the Flies, but as well has differences. The differences between the two films become evident at the opening of the scene. As the thundering waves are hurled against the sharp, jagged agitates with the darkness and brutality within them, the scene becomes clear. Brook turns to the boys walking along, you just know that roundthing is going to happen. In the Peter Brook film, the coastline is the main feature, with the boys looking small, walking along. The faces of the boys are not so easy to depict until they get close enough. Ralph, predategish and SamnEric, are looked down on by the camera, with the commanding rocks and the bellowing sea all around.However, the boys tangle witht seem to be put off by this and look positive and intentional in their visit. In comparison, the Hook film shows the shot to be not so dark and suspicio us, but more religious and sacrificial. The background noise of the crashing waves is substituted with choral singing. This time, we only see Ralph and loutish approaching the rocks. gross is wearying full cadet uniform and appears not to be having problems with his kitty. The boys are at the same level, and the darkness and savagery seems to be lost from this film. Both films have followed the idea of the book, Hooks version more loosely than Brooks film. Neither mentioned how much Ralph was injured or his ragged appearance as in the novel, Ralph went first, limping a little, a spear carried over one shoulder.The films go away this out because it may well have not appealed to their audiences, as the hero doesnt look perfect, especially with the later film. Hook also left out SamnEric in the advancing bunch. Golding, who wrote the original Lord of the Flies, starts this scene by retelling some of the plot. He reminds the reader how such a beautiful island has been substanceed by society, and how individuals can ruin things for everyone. The sky and the mountain were at an immense distance, shimmering in the genus Oestrus and the reef was lifted by mirage, floating in a kind of silver pool half-way up the sky. This little interlude reflects on the past, and will by chance add more impact to the incidents to come. Golding also mentions fire, which reminds the reader of how Jack stole the glasses off helpless Piggy, to use for their own comfort and as a aid for a cooking fire.The first sign of conflict between Jack and Ralph is when they meet. They start to argue and quarrel, and tension is built up within this period. This is the same with all three texts. Ralph intentions are clear as he approaches, but Jack wants none of it. In the novel, Golding has built up the tension with words he uses, Ralphs temper blazed out. The sentences are short, and not very descriptive. The main feature of the scene, the fight, is portrayed similarly in all three texts. Th ey attack to each one other vigorously, and the real conflict and anger between the two groups is apparent. In the film, by Brook, the camera can be used to aid the build up of tension as well as the dialogue. The short camera angles used reflect Goldings staccato language.The camera looks up to Jack, and down to Ralph. He appears in a definite commanding position. The camera follows bring up face, which appears dark against the rock, and is hidden whenever Ralph speaks to hide his thoughts. He wears a mask to hide his face, which is savage and evil. Prior to the fight, the camera sways to Jacks barbarous face, with him holding his spear, with only the point video display. This shows the wildness and spite within Jack. This is shown similarly in the Hook film, but Jack doesnt wear a mask, so we see more of his face.However, Hook has decided to use stronger language to convey the anger between the two boys. Hook chose similar camera movements and patterns to allow film, as they s eemed to show the positions of the characters well and would appeal to his modern audience. Ralph and his gang are portrayed as the lower, weaker force, and Jacks rabble are shown as being in control. The main feature, the fight, is depicted equally in the three texts. Both sides seem angered, and in Hooks film, the loss of society is also shown. Ralph, usually the well-balanced, good-tempered individual, is lowered to such means as fighting. On the other hand, that is Jacks usual way of settling things.Roger has a strong influence on Piggys death and plays a significant role, in all three interpretations of the Lord of the Flies. Roger is first introduced into the scene in the novel, when he starts to toss rocks at Ralph. His physical appearance is kept a secret and is only released when he pushes the lever, Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever. Roger is introduced earlier on in Brooks film. What we see of Roger is a godly figure, with h is face outlined to the sky. Hook shows us a close up of Rogers face from below. He is painted with black paint around the eyes and mouth, which looks like deep hollows in which evil is to be found.He is a symbol of evil and designer and as a slight grimace creeps along his face, the audience is shocked by this terrifying image. His intentions become clearer as the scene advances. A extensive period of time is spent on him, so does the amount we see of him. When the camera shows us his hand going towards the lever, the anticipation is built up, with the climax of him let go of it with great force, pounding down onto Piggys head. Roger is not so well shown in Hooks film. Most of the time he is hidden by the cliff edge and the other savages, but once the stone is released, Rogers face is no longer mysterious, but is clear. This quarters the audience feel suspicion and fear towards Roger.Piggy is the main character in the scene, and is based on the character first developed in Gol dings novel in both the book and the films. Piggy has similarities and differences in the films, but the main feeling of Piggys character is conveyed quite well. In Peter Brooks film, Piggy is uneasy about the situation, collected on the steep rocks which seem to fall into hell. He is wearing full uniform, showing his intentions to keep rules. The camera is overhead, and makes us feel pity for Piggy who is helpless. In the build up to the death, the camera focuses on short close-up shots of Piggys face to show his hopelessness and anxiety. Piggys voice is blurred by the natural sounds of the roaring of the sea crashing against the rocks. Ralph forgets what he came for, and Piggy knows this. This has an effect on the audience to feel empathy for Piggy.Harry Hook has changed Piggys character, to fit his wants and his audiences wants. He doesnt make Piggy as disabled as Brook does in his film. He allows Piggy to be able to see fairly well and able him to impasse on the same level plat form as Ralph. Piggy isnt left out or forgotten during the fight, and can be seen in the shots of the fight, rest in the background. In the book, Piggy seems extremely scared and worried of what was about to happen as he clings onto the steep sided rock face. Am I unspoilt? quavered Piggy. I feel awful-. Brooks film is better on picking up on the idea that Piggy is supposed to be very disadvantaged. Piggys emotions are shown well in all three texts, as a close up in the film, or as strong commentary in the novel.The murder is the main feature in the scene we are studying. It has a strong impact on the audience in all of the texts and is transmitted differently in each. In the novel, Piggys death is compared to a pig after his death, which is rather ironic, Piggys arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pigs after it has been killed. The language used here is very severe and looks as thought Golding doesnt really care about what has just happened to Piggy. after this there is a sile nce all around, until it is disturbed by a little speech between Jack and Ralph, followed by Jack throwing his spear at Ralph, which then leads him to run away, with spears coming at him from all directions.This isnt shown in either of the films, and in Brooks film, nothing is said, and Ralph just flees. Brook has a lengthy build up to his death scene in his film. Hints are dropped all the time, with the camera continually looking at the rough sea and jagged rocks, then at Piggys confused face. Brook supports Goldings language, with only a few minor changes. In the build up to the climax, the camera continually switches between Piggy and Roger, with longer shots to Roger as we get ever closer to the climax. Also, the noise of the jeering boys gets louder, and sounds more and more like air raid sirens, which adds to the effect of anticipation. This is obviously significant because it indicates the society the boys have just left, and shows the links to situations of which Golding has just witnessed before he wrote his novel, and of the tragedy of war. However, this is something that Brooks audience may not all the way remember so wouldnt be so obvious in his film.The final shot of Roger is of him pushing down on the lever as with Goldings novel. The face looks emotionless until the rock is released, when a wide, evil smirk smears across his face. The camera stays still to make Roger look as though he is pushing harder, as he moves out of the shot. We see the rock rolling down, and then we see Piggys viewpoint of the rock above, coming straight, crash down onto his head. Immediately as the rock hits Piggy, the jeering comes to a halt, and all is left is the roaring sounds of nature. All, including Jack seem shocked, but Roger is not. The camera switches between the characters showing their disbelief of that which Roger had just done. To end the lengthy scene, Brook has a shot of Ralph looking in commiseration down to Piggy. The camera is then just left still as Ralph scurries over the rocks.Harry Hook has changed the death scene in his film to suit his modern audience. Brook has kept close to the language with Piggys speech, and has only changed a few parts to suit more to his audience. In the shot where Roger releases the rock, the director shows the shot from Ralphs point of view. As the rock falls, Ralph shouts NO in a slow motion speech. Piggy is oblivious to the situation due to his eyesight. He says nothing, and just falls flat onto the rock and lies there in a pool of blood. This loosely follows the original text by Golding. Golding described how Piggy was knocked into the water and got washed away, whereas there was no sight of this in Hooks film. Youre not gonna get away with this says Ralph after the death. Jack thinks logically and says that Ralph was on his own, which he most definitely was. The intercommunicate is then terminated by the boys throwing stones at Ralph as he speeds away along the beach.All three versions of the Lord of the Flies are interpreted differently, but use the same original story line written by William Golding. All are effective, but some are more so than the others. Personally, I think that Peter Brook directed the best film. This is because it was more appealing to the audience at that time, it was more successful and it follows the book much closer than the other film, which was directed by Harry Hook. However, I do like the book for the detail and originality within it. To me the text vividly describes the sights of horror and the dramatic feelings of loss and melancholy felt by the societies at this particular time of World War 2. At the time the book was written, which was just after the war, total communities had witnessed such death as was described in the book. They could relate directly to the savagery and the way the murder was committed in cold blood. I feel the book also cleverly puts the characters into stereotypes of the time, showing how certain communities and their structures can be so easily destroyed.

Sports Play a Vital Role in Our Daily Life

We all like games and sports because they are essential for a favorable for you(p) life. They walkover an important role in the development of our personality. Therefore they are given great importance almost all over the world. They are an important per centum of our education. This is the reason that every educational institute holds a sports week. Honorable principle Sports and games are indication of life full of joys. They keep a person healthy and fit. Sports provide us a mean of physical exercise. My friendsSome special games like hockey, cricket and football not only make our body telephone and healthy but also provide us a source of amusement and entertainment. As we have seen the excitements and rejoice of the World cup 2011. These games create cheerfulness not only in the diarrheaers but also in the visitors. People gather around in thousands to see a match. They praise the players and clap for them. In this way they create an atmosphere of happiness, rejoicing, joy fulness and brotherhood.Respected Mam Sports are also great moral value. They teach us team sprit. The players play not to acquire personal fame but for the team. Sports and games teach us cooperation and discipline. Players obey the orders of their captain and the Umpire without any question. They have training in getting defeat with a good heart. Mam These values are of much in every day life. Sports teach us to become good citizens. Hence I am compelled to say that sports play a vital role in our life.

College vs. High School Essay

Many students, especially those who do not have a family member who has been to college, think college is pretty very much like elevated school, only bigger. But there be some very big differences. Many students who did not do hearty in mellow school blossom in college. Much of how college will differ depends on you. To be prepared, it helps you to know what differences lay ahead. Though academic requirements and student life switch depending on the college you attend, there are basic differences that apply in almost every case.One key step to a successful transition from high gear school to college is to anticipate and be prepared for the differences between the two lottings. This is especially true for students with disabilities. In addition to dealing with the same transition issues that all students face, they as well have the added challenge of changes in how support services are requested and arranged. In college, students must play a more active role and go into more responsibility. Because you will probably be over 18 years old in college, you will be treated like an adult. This is because you will be an adult.As an adult, you will have to make sure you do what youre supposed to do, you will be responsible for the way you live, and you will have to extend to greater expectations from others. Generally, there are fewer rules and regulations imposed by others in college. You will be expected to make and stick to your own schedule, as well as keep up on all your work. Professors expect you to be in class to learn. And whether or not you learn is your responsibility. Many students, after a brief period of adjustment, will settle into a balanced lifestyle of work and play.Those who dont usually do not make it done their first year. In college, you will take on more responsibility for your decision, actions, and lifestyle. This is part of being on your own. Professors and administrators will probably not give you a hard time about your clothes, y our hair, or your general behavior. But do be prepared to be held accountable for your behavior. There is no one to pat for not waking up on time, not eating properly, or not washing your clothes. People will expect more of you and expect you to pay back in your own unique way in college.In high school, you are often expected to behave or perform to a marginal standard. Some people will expect you to go beyond minimal performance in college, so you can grow and develop as a person. You will also begin to realize what a great effect you can have both positive and negative on yourself, on others, and on the world around you. This can be both exciting and frightening. In college, you will be free to explore numerous paths and interests that were simply not devote to you in high school. There are more foreign languages, arts, and sciences offered in college.Subjects like philosophy and religion are also taught at college but probably not in high school. Some subjects are taught di fferently in college. In high school, for instance, history may have been mainly names, dates, and places. You had to memorize facts and figures. In college, those facts are not nearly as important as why certain events and actions happened. In college English, less time may be spent on grammar and spelling (it is assumed you have mastered these) and more on writing creatively and criticizing literature.Many classes will be organized differently from the traditional high school lecture class. Some will be big lecture classes followed by small discussion groups. Some professors will have you read books, spell papers, and discuss both in class. You may even have the chance to read independently with a professor or design your own look projects. Grading will be different, too. In some classes, you will have nothing but essay tests. In other, your entire grade will be determined by a single large paper or project.You may even have classes in which a group project is the essential grad e. High school is a place you go to seven or eight hours a day, less than half the days of the year. Many colleges are set up to be your home you will eat and sleep there, spend time off there, make new friends there, even do your laundry there. Therefore, chances are good that college will have an even greater effect on you than high school did. In fact, it will be a time in your life like no other.

Assessing the Dependency of Teamwork Dynamics to Cultural Differences Essay

A debate whether a motley or a homogeneous aggroup up up is easier to dole out and manage has been going on for years. Companies, firms and even organizations atomic fig 18 starting to make aggroups as the basic unit of their operations. Due to this trend, organizational inquiryers started to study the correlation surrounded by the patch of the police squad up and the teams output (Earley & Mosakowski, 2000, p. 26). Organizational composition in terms of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the team composition is commonly studied through the relative profits that each type of composition thunder mug give to a readying team (Schippers, Hartog, Koopman, & Wienk, 2003, p.779). This research paper will try to cut through the issue at hand in the same manner as most organizational researchers do this research paper will compare homogeneous and complex team compositions through the gains they commode give to their teams. The hiring structure of most organizations, com panies and firm includes a set of qualification that seeks to sift through the applicants non in terms of certificate but in addition in terms of their backgrounds (Prat, 2000, p. 3).These sets of qualifications are commonly structured in their own ways to create a homogenous or a heterogeneous team, depending on the position of the hiring party in terms of its team composition preference. Before moving on to the advantages of the two-team compositions, it should be noted that the basic differences amongst the two-team compositions are its team members culture. Culture embodies the system of shared meanings (Gibson C. B. , 2004). It can even be said, that culture attributes the antithetic reactions of the team members in different managerial approaches and team objectives (Gibson C.B. , 2004). Further much, the probability of success and efficiency in team is dependent to the culture of its team members. Identifying the difference between leading a homogeneous team or a heterog eneous team can be easily discussed through the extent by which team members share a certain culture. In innovative day organizational researches, culture sharing is not the only difference. Factors such as efficiency, efficacy of the leading model, output capabilities and even conflict resolution mechanisms are considered in organization researches that address homogeneous and heterogeneous team compositions.Describing the actual leaders process in these two team compositions would lead to the discussions on team cohesiveness. Team cohesiveness is the degree by which members of a group (both hetero and homo) are attracted to the team (Wendt, Euwemab, & Emmerik, 2009, p. 359). It can be said, that team cohesiveness embodies the reasons for joining a team and expected incentives for joining the team (Wendt, Euwemab, & Emmerik, 2009, p. 359). Team cohesiveness is present in both homogeneous and heterogeneous team compositions.However, the burden of insuring that the team would functi on is not directly related to the team composition it is also determined by the leadership bearing in the team. Leading leadership styles such as directing and supportive styles have two very different effects to the team depending on the team composition. The exclusivity of the shared culture in homogeneous teams can work better with directive leadership such as seen in autocratic countries (Wendt, Euwemab, & Emmerik, 2009, p. 360).On the other hand, supportive leadership can work better with heterogeneous team composition since the differences in the shared culture of the team can be compensated for by the support that the leadership style offers (Wendt, Euwemab, & Emmerik, 2009, p. 360). Interchanging the two leadership styles in heterogeneous and homogeneous team compositions can result to postgraduate probability of team inefficiency and failure. Following this logic, it can be said that the leadership style would determine the difference between these two team compositions a certain fit must be properly addressed.After discussing the needed fit in the leadership style and the team composition, advantages in terms of properly leading a homogeneous team or a heterogeneous team can now be established. Having a heterogeneous team implies that a team leader would have members with different recognitions of shared culture. Due to this, the team leader can expect different opinions and a wide range of ideas to be articulated by the team members (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, p. 207). This setup is seen in companies that operate on a high technology level.Technology based companies tend to function in a transnational level this allows the companies to have an experience in having a heterogeneous team to deal with their operations. The assorted pool that the company can easily access to creates a working environment, which is perfect for the creation of cohorts. According to other related researches, team members tend to speak out their idea or opinion if they ha ve at least one team member that supports their idea (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, p. 207). This finding is the coined as the cohort formation in workplaces.Following this logic, leading a heterogeneous team has an advantage of being able to pool a good number of ideas and opinions due to the different shared cultures among the team members. Practically speaking, a heterogeneous team can come up with more possible solutions needed to address a problem as compared to a team with members that share a uniform culture. Heterogeneous team through its cohorts also has the advantage of creating a workplace, which is more conducive for a more receptive acquirement behavior (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, p.209). The cohort formation that arises from a heterogeneous team creates subgroups that are more receptive to learning through experimentation reflective communication and codification (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, p. 209). The psychological support provided by team members that share culture allo ws other team members to learn more (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, p. 210). These advantages of heterogeneous teams make many organizations, companies and firms to invest in the creation of a heterogeneous team.This trend is best seen in transnational companies attempts to outsource team members from different places around the globe to insure that their team has cohorts to cultivate better brainstorming activities (Earley & Gibson, 2002, pp. 230-232). Unfortunately, the advantages of having a heterogeneous team stop at the cohorts. Heterogeneous team, which is too heterogeneous in the sense that it does not allow the formation of cohorts tends to be counterproductive since its team members without some to share his or her culture with, becomes too protective of their ideas (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003, pp. 212-213).In this situation, organizational researches recommend the full dismantling of the team or the inclusion of other team members that may allow that formation of cohorts within t he heterogeneous team. Advantages in a homogeneous team are the extreme solutions to the disadvantages of a heterogeneous team. The probability that too much heterogeneity can impede team crop and efficiency can be cancelled out by adapting a homogenized team since the shared culture of the unit team will extirpate the cultural diversity that may have started the problems of a too heterogenic team (Mello & Ruckes, 2010, p. 1022).This is the primary advantage of homogeneous team- cohesion. Team cohesion is at its prime deposit if the subject team is a homogeneous team (WordPress. com, 2009). The strong sense of group cohesion in a homogeneous team allows the whole team to easily accomplish tasks and yield maximum productivity rates (WordPress. com, 2009, p. n. pag. ). The shared culture of a homogeneous team creates a sense of unity among the team members that translates to achievements that are most probably unattainable for a common heterogeneous group. This is the primary and a ppears to be the only advantage in a homogeneous group.Unfortunately, it also has its share of disadvantages. The major disadvantage of a homogenous team is that the team is prone to make probable dumb decisions due to the strong sense of groupthink mindset present in this team composition (WordPress. com, 2009). This attributes of homogeneous team composition allows homogeneous teams to be the perfect team composition for productivity and goal orient organizations, companies and firms. Conclusion Heterogeneous and homogeneous team compositions have been existing ever since basic groups have been formed.The reason for their existence is the fact that each of this team composition provides a perfect fit for different organizational arrangements (Gamage, 2006, p. 57). The interplay between organizational cultures, team composition and the type of leadership determines the needed fit implied in this research paper. Conclusively, this research paper takes the position that homogeneous team composition is an advantage for organizations, companies and firms that are goal and production oriented, while heterogeneous team composition is an advantage for organizations, companies and firms that seek to provide solutions.The cohesive team culture cultured and enforced in homogeneous team composition allows a consolidated movement of the whole team towards the attainment of their teams objectives. On the other hand, the differences of the team members of a heterogeneous team allow the utilization of the multi perspective orientations in the advantage of the whole team. The different ideas and cultural inclinations of a heterogeneous team allow the development of holistic solutions.These points when summed up results to a general idea that the team compositions posture are dominantly dependent on the factors such as type of leadership and environment such as context of application. Bibliography Adams, S. K. (2007, July 30). Disciplinarily Hetero- and Homogeneous Design T eam productCommunication Patterns and Perceptions of Teamwork. Retrieved elevated 6, 2010, from www. scholar. lib. vt. edu http//scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/available/etd-08272007-114555/unrestricted/MastersThesis. pdf Adler, N. (1991).International dimensions of organi-zational behavior (2nd ed. ). Boston PWS-Kent. Burke, S. , Wilson, K. , & Salas, E. (2010). Varying Team Composition to Examine the Effect of CulturalDiversity on Team make and Cultural Adaptability. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from www. ftp. rta. nato. int ftp. rta. nato. int/public//PubFullText/ ///MP-HFM-142-18. doc Casmir, R. (1992). Third-culture building A paradigm shift for international and intercultural communication. Communication Yearbook , 407-428. Cox, T. (1992). Cultural diversity in organizations.San Francisco Berrett Koehler. Earley, P. C. , & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating cross Team Cultures An Empirical Test of Transnational Team Functioning. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1 , 26-49. Earley, P. , & Gibson, C. B. (2002). Multinational Work Teams A New Perspective. Mahwah Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. . Elron, E. (1997). Top counseling teams within multina-tional corporations Effects of cultural heterogeneity. Leadership Quarterly , 393-412. Gamage, D. (2006). Professional Development for Leaders and Managers .Dordrecht Springer Publications. Gibson, C. B. (2004). Building Multicultural TeamsLearning to Manage Homogeneity and Heterogeneity. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http//web. gsm. uci. edu http//web. gsm. uci. edu/cgibson/Publication%20files/Articles/Crossing%20cultures%20chapter. pdf Gibson, C. , & Vermeulen, F. (2003). A Healthy Divide Subgroups as a Stimulus for Team Learning Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2 , 202-239. Leadershipreview. org. (2002). look into Synopsis Creating Hybrid Team Cultures. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from www.leadershipreview. org http//www. leadershipreview. org/2002winter/nelson_winter_2002. asp Mayo, M. (2005, September 2). Networks and Effectiveness in Work Teams The Impact of Diversity. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from www. latienda. ie. edu http//latienda. ie. edu/working_papers_economia/WP05-10. pdf Maznevski, M. (1994). Understanding our differences Performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human Relations , 531-552. McGrath, J. (1984). Groups Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall. Mello, A. S. , & Ruckes, M.E. (2010). Team Composition. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http//finance. fbv. uni-karlsruhe. d http//finance. fbv. uni-karlsruhe. de/download/Ruckes_TeamCompositionJB. pdf Prat, A. (2000, August 16). Shoul a Team Be Homogeneous? Retrieved August 6, 2010, from www. econ. lse. ac. uk http//econ. lse. ac. uk/ ply/prat/papers/sharedeer2. pdf Schippers, M. C. , Hartog, D. N. , Koopman, P. L. , & Wienk, J. A. (2003). Diversity and Team Outcomes The Moderating Effects of Outcome Interdependence and Group Longevity and the Medi ating Effect of Reflexivity.Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 6 , 779-802. Wendt, H. , Euwemab, M. C. , & Emmerik, I. H. (2009). Leadership and team cohesiveness across cultures. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http//hettyvanemmerik. com http//hettyvanemmerik. com/ScientificPublications/+Enl2009=Article_LQ_Wendt_Euwema_Van_Emmerik_Leadership_and_team_cohesiveness. pdf WordPress. com. (2009, March 10). Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Teams and Creativity. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from www. wordpress. com http//asifjmir. wordpress. com/2009/03/10/homogeneous-or-heterogeneous-teams-and-creativity/

Measuring Reliability

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one of the most popular personality tests in the world today. However, data reviewed from more than 20 MBTI research studies has indicated that the test has inadequate validity. In other words, MBTI does not adequately measure what it is meant to measure. Moreover, MBTI has reported reliability coefficients for its four scales on general population samples in the ranges from 0.61 to 0.87. Experts on psychometric interrogation reveal that reliability coefficients for short personality tests should actually be in the range of 0.7 to 0.8 (Psychometric Success).Does this mean that MBTI is unreliable? No. plot of ground this important personality test sometimes reveals a lower reliability coefficient than the other personality tests, even when its reliability coefficient is close to 0.61, the test is said to feed us a dependable measure of the constructs it measures at least 61% of the time. To put it another way, at least 61% of the people w ho use the MBTI one time would see that their scores on the different constructs of the test would not change on a second testing session and all subsequent testing sessions.Reliability is also known as repeatability or consistency. A test with perfect reliability has a coefficient of 1.0. A test with no reliability some(prenominal) has a coefficient of 0. A test with perfect reliability is one which gives us absolutely consistent results with the same sample. The higher the reliability, the better is a test, scientifically, given that we stomach trust the results of this test with confidence, knowing that they will not change drastically through retesting (Trochim, 2006).With MBTI, we can be confident that the test would show us a true picture of an individuals personality at least 61% of the time. Although this value is better than 50%, MBTI would havegiven us great confidence in terms of its measurement if its reliability coefficient always fell in the range of 0.8 to 0.9. Th is would have led us to believe that MBTI is most unimpeachably a trustworthy measure of an individuals personality type.References1.Psychometric Success. Myers-Briggs Widely Used But Still Controversial. Available at http//www.psychometric-success.com/index.htm. (31 January 2007).2. Trochim, William. (2006). Theory of Reliability. Research Methods noesis Base. Available at http//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/reliablt.php. (31 January 2007).

The History of Schizophrenia

The History of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, and withdrawal into the self. The word Schizophrenia is slight than 100 years old. However the disease was first identified as a discrete amiable illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in the 1887 and the illness itself is mostly believed to obtain accompanied mankind throughout its history. There ar documents that identify Schizophrenia open fire be traced to the old Pharaonic Egypt, as far brook as the second millennium before Christ.Depression, dementedness, as well as thought disturbances that are typical in schizophrenic psychosis are described in detail in the Book of Hearts. The Heart and the mind seem to have been synonymous in ancient Egypt. The physical illnesses were regarded as symptoms of the heart and the uterus and originating from the f all told vessels or from purulence, fecal matter, a poison or demons. Some recent study int o the ancient Greek and Roman literature showed that although the general population in all probability had an awareness of psychotic disorders, there was no pattern that would meet the modern diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in these societies.At one point in history, all community who were con nervered abnormal, whether due to mental illness, mental retardation, or physical deformities, were largely treated the same. Early theories supposed that mental disorders were ca utilise by evil possession of the body, and the reserve treatment was then exorcising these demons, through various means, ranging from innocuous treatments, such as exposing the patient to certain types of music, to dangerous and sometimes deadly means, such as let go of the evil spirits by drilling holes in the patients skull.One of the first to classify the mental disorders into different categories was the German physician, Dr. Emile Kraepelin. He used the term insanity praecox for individuals who ha d symptoms that we now associate with schizophrenia. The nonspecific concept of madness has been around for many thousands of years and schizophrenia was save classified as a distinct mental disorder by Kraepelin in 1887. He was the first to make a distinction in the psychotic disorders between what he called dementia praecox and manic depression. Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was primarily a disease of the brain, and particularly a form of dementia.Kraepelin named the disorder dementia praecox (early dementia) to distinguish it from other forms of dementia (such as Alzheimers disease) which typically occur lately in life. He used this term because his studies focused on young adults with dementia. The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term, schizophrenia in 1911. He was also the first to describe the symptoms as positive or negative. Bleuler changed the name to schizophrenia as it was obvious that Krapelins name was misleading as the illness was not a deme ntia (it did not continuously lead to mental deterioration) and could sometimes occur late as well as early in life.The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) to describe the fragmented thinking of people with the disorder. His term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, a common misunderstanding by the open at large. Since Bleulers time, the definition of schizophrenia has continued to change, as scientists attempt to more accurately delineate the different types of mental diseases. Without knowing the exact causes of these diseases, scientists can only base their classifications on the observation that some symptoms tend to occur together.Both Bleuler and Kraepelin subdivided schizophrenia into categories, establish on prominent symptoms and prognoses. Over the years, those working in this line have continued to attempt to classify types of schizophrenia. Five types were delineated in the DSM-III disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. The first three categories were originally proposed by Kraepelin. These classifications, trance ease employed in DSM-IV, have not shown to be helpful in predicting outcome of the disorder, and the types are not reliably diagnosed.Many researchers are using other systems to classify types of the disorder, based on the preponderance of positive verses negative symptoms, the progression of the disorder in terms of type and severity of symptoms over time, and the co-occurrence of other mental disorders and syndromes. It is hoped that differentiating types of schizophrenia based on clinical symptoms will help to determine different etiologies or causes of the disorder. The evidence that schizophrenia is a biologically-based disease of the brain has accumulated apace during the past two decades. recently this evidence has been also been supported with dynamic brain imaging systems that show precise precisely the wave of tissue rema inder that takes place in the brain that is suffering from schizophrenia. The 1800s saw a slow progression towards an eventual schizophrenia definition. From the 1800s on, schizophrenia history begins to gain ground as researchers began to understand the nature of the disease Although the nineteenth century saw great strides towards a schizophrenic definition, lunatic asylums of the time were oftentimes little more than mankind zoos.For a fee, well to do ladies and gentlemen could tour the asylums, viewing the patients. No doubt the psychotic behavior of schizophrenics made them popular attractions during these degrading tours. Schizophrenia in Recent Times The start of the twentieth century saw, for the first time in schizophrenia history, a practical schizophrenia definition and the birth of utile treatments. In 1911 Eugene Beuler first used the term schizophrenia, and his schizophrenia definition includes symptoms such as blunted emotions, disordered thoughts, and loss of awar eness.Then in 1957, Kurt Schneider created the schizophrenic definition still in use today, and is the first person in the long history of schizophrenia to list the currently accepted features of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia definitely has a very significant genetic component. Those who have a third degree relative with schizophrenia are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those in the general population. Those with a second degree relative have a several-fold higher incidence of schizophrenia than the general population, and first degree relatives have an incidence of schizophrenia an order of magnitude higher than the general populace.The History of Schizophrenia Treatment in the Twentieth Century Schizophrenia history abounds in unusual treatments and bizarre cures. Indeed, the twentieth century stands apart from the rest of schizophrenia history because it saw the first effective schizophrenia treatment the first major tranquillizer drug was created in 1952. The twenti eth century also saw some controversial schizophrenia cures. Portuguese doctor, Egus Moniz, developed the lobotomy in the 1930s. Moniz won a Nobel Peace prize for his work in 1949.The lobotomy procedure cut the nerve fibers from the frontal lobe to the interior of the brain, where emotions are generated. Patients were less agitated and aggressive subsequently a lobotomy. Of course, patients were also left indifferent and with blunted emotions, but this didnt squelch the lobotomys popularity as a schizophrenia treatment. Patients could be released from hospitals after lobotomies, saving both hospitals and family members money. leukotomy procedures varied. American neurologist John Freeman created perhaps the most bizarre procedure.Freeman traveled America performing lobotomies for the benefit of audiences comprised of journalists and checkup professionals to call him a medical showman isnt stretching the truth much. Freemans lobotomies were simple, quick, and medically prepostero us. With the patient under anesthesia, Freeman placed an ice pick (yes, you read that correctly) into an area just above the eyeball. Using a hammer, he drove the ice pick into the patients brain to a depth of approximately one inch. Lobotomies fell into disfavor as people noticed patients often died from lobotomy-induced epilepsy or surgical infections.Severe brain damage was also shown in many cases (not that it should have required a study to record an ice pick to the brain caused extensive damage). Still, between the 1940s and the 1950s over 40,000 Americans were lobotomized. Shock therapy was developed at the same time lobotomies were darkening schizophrenia history. Approaches to shock therapy varied. Some doctors used insulin injections others preferred Metrazol or electricity. Insulin often left patients in comas. Both Metrazol and electricity caused seizures, and electric shock therapy often caused memory loss.Surprisingly, electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat some cases of schizophrenia and severe depression. Current techniques are supposed to be much safer, but many medical professionals consider electroconvulsive therapy very dangerous, and something that should only be used as a last resort. Since schizophrenia whitethorn not be a single condition and its causes are not yet known, current treatment methods are based on both clinical research and experience. These approaches are chosen on the stand of their ability to depress the symptoms of schizophrenia and to lessen the chances that symptoms will return.Medications For Schizophrenia Antipsychotic medicaments have been available since the mid-1950s. They have greatly improved the outlook for individual patients. These medications reduce the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Antipsychotic drugs are the best treatment now available, but they do not cure schizophrenia or ensure that there will be no furth er psychotic episodes. The choice and dosage of medication can be made only by a qualified physician who is well trained in the medical treatment of mental disorders.The dosage of medication is individualized for each patient, since people may vary a great deal in the amount of drug needed to reduce symptoms without producing troublesome side do. The large absolute majority of people with schizophrenia show substantial improvement when treated with antipsychotic drugs. Some patients, however, are not helped very much by the medications and a few do not seem to need them. No frames is difficult to predict which patients will fall into these two groups and to distinguish them from the large majority of patients who do benefit from treatment with antipsychotic drugs. A number of new ntipsychotic drugs (the so-called atypical antipsychotics) have been introduced since 1990. The first of these, clozapine (Clozaril), has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, althoug h the possibility of severe side personal effects in particular, a condition called agranulocytosis (loss of the white blood cells that fight infection) requires that patients be monitored with blood tests either one or two weeks. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone (Risperdal) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), are safer than the older drugs or clozapine, and they also may be better tolerated.They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Several additional antipsychotics are currently under development. Antipsychotic drugs are often very effective in treating certain symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations and delusions unfortunately, the drugs may not be as helpful with other symptoms, such as trim down motivation and emotional expressiveness. Indeed, the older antipsychotics (which also went by the name of neuroleptics), medicines like haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine), may even produce side effects that resemble t he more difficult to treat symptoms.Often, lowering the dose or switching to a different medicine may reduce these side effects the newer medicines, including olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), and risperidone (Risperdal), appear less likely to have this problem. Patients and families sometimes become worried intimately the antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia. In addition to concern about side effects, they may worry that such drugs could lead to addiction. However, antipsychotic medications do not produce a high (euphoria) or addictive behavior in people who take them.Another misconception about antipsychotic drugs is that they act as a kind of mind control, or a chemical straitjacket. Antipsychotic drugs used at the proper dosage does not knock out people or take away their free will. While these medications can be sedating, and while this effect can be useful when treatment is initiated particularly if an individual is quite agitated, the utility of the drugs is not due to sedation but to their ability to hang the hallucinations, agitation, confusion, and delusions of a psychotic episode.Thus, antipsychotic medications should eventually help an individual with schizophrenia to deal with the world more rationally. Treatment of schizophrenia depends upon a life-long regimen of both drug and psycho hearty, support therapies. While the medication helps control the psychosis associated with schizophrenia (e. g. , the delusions and hallucinations), it cannot help the person find a job, learn to be effective in social relationships, increase the individuals coping skills, and help them learn to communicate and work well with others.Poverty, homelessness, and unemployment are often associated with this disorder, but they dont have to be. If the individual finds appropriate treatment and sticks with it, a person with schizophrenia can lead a happy and successful life. But the initial recovery from the first symptoms of schizophrenia ca n be an passing lonely experience. Individuals coping with the onset of schizophrenia for the first time in their lives require all the support that their families, friends, and communities can provide. 1

Performance of Telecom Service Provider

ASA University Review, Vol. 5 no. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 action of Grameensound and Robi in telecommunication. Sector of Bangladesh A Comparative regard S. M. Akterujjaman* Md. Rouf Biswas* Md. Nur-E-Alam Siddique** scam The last decade has brought the first wave of the truly quick generation which is built around rambling telecommunicates, presently messaging usefulness (SMS), and por tabularize electronic assistants. The energetic communications industry has been one of the most flourishing domains inside the ICT industry and, in general, inwardly the economy.Grameen promise and Robi ar the biggest mobile sound operators in our art little and their contribution is very(prenominal) great to our economy. The prime objective of the canvas is to comp argon the performance between Grameenphone and Robi in the telecommunications sector of Bangladesh. This study is based on the soil of both(prenominal) autochthonic and secondary data. The primary data were collected from relative mobile phone companies customers from Khulna city. Total 200 customers ( c customers of Grameenphone and 100 customers of Robi) were surveyed through the judgmental sample method with questionnaire from March to June 2011.The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. After collection of primary data, hypotheses were suppose and paired samples T-test was used to test the hypotheses with 0. 05 direct of statistical significance. The statistical computer piece of land SPSS version 16. 0 was used to dismember the data. The recommendations were provided based on the findings and analysis. Key words Performance, Telecommunications sector, Grameenphone, Robi, client satisfaction, Network, Hypotheses. Introduction The people of Bangladesh argon now dreaming of a digital Bangladesh.Faster development of telecommunications intercommunicate coupled with improved quality of service in line with the national development is a must for the fulfillment of the sight and aspiration of digital Bangladesh and in addition to take her to a maculation of honor in the community of nations in the 21st century. Mobile phone operators have been contend an important role in this regard (Rahman, 2010). The last decade has brought the first wave of the truly mobile generation which is built around mobile phones, short messaging service (SMS), and por skirt electronic assistants.But now there is strong evidence to suggest that there is an even bigger wave to come compulsive by the increasing worldwide technological trend towards mobility and engineering science integration. This is evident through the plans and strategic directions of many of the major players in this field (Mahmud and Chowdhury, 2010). * ** Senior Lecturers, plane section of care Administration, Northern University Bangladesh Lecturer, Faculty of Business, ASA University Bangladesh 160 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011The telecommunication service in Bangladesh were provided unt il 1989 by the state-owned monopoly provider Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB), telecommunications services. In 1989, the Government of Bangladesh opened the telecom sector by awarding licenses to two operators one to operate fixed telephones in rural aras (Bangladesh Rural Telecom sanction) and the new(prenominal) to operate cellular mobile phone and pager (Bangladesh Telecom LtdBTL) services. In 1992, Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited (PBTL) bought the mobile part of the BTL (Khan 2003).The telecommunications market in Bangladesh, specially the mobile phone sector consists of six mobile phone operators. These argon Grameenphone Limited (GP), Orascom Telecom Bangladesh Limited (Banglalink), Robi Axiata Limited, Airtel Bangladesh Limited, Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited (Citycell), and Tele conversation Bangladesh Limited (http//www. btrc. gov. bd). Since its inception Grameenphone has built the largest cellular engagement in the country with over 13,000 base stations in to a greater extent than 7000 localization of functions. Presently, show uply 98 percent of the countrys population is within the chronicleage argona of the Grameenphone network.Grameenphone has eternally been a pioneer in introducing new products and services in the local market. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services in March 1997. Grameenphone was also the first operator to introduce the pre-paid service in September 1999. It established the first 24-hour waul Center, introduced cheer-added services such as VMS, SMS, fax and data transmission services, international roaming service, WAP, SMS-based pushpull services, EDGE, personal ring back tone and many some other(a) products and services.The entire Grameenphone network is also EDGE/GPRS enabled, al minusculeing access to eminent-speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage argona. There are currently nearly 2. 6 zillion EDGE/G PRS users in the Grameenphone network. Today, Grameenphone is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh with more than 33 million subscribers as of May 2011 (http//www. grameenphone. com). The shareholders of Grameenphone contribute their unique, in-depth experience in both telecommunications and development. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55. %), the largest telecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12 other countries, and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34. 2% ), a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micro-credit pioneer Grameen Bank. The other 10% shares belong to general retail and institutional investors (http//www. grameenphone. com). Robi Axiata Limited is a joint venture company between Axiata Group Berhad, Malaysia and NTT DOCOMO INC, Japan. It was formerly known as Telecom Malaysia International (Bangladesh) which commenced operations in Bangladesh in 1997 with the brand lean AK TEL.On 28th March 2010, the service name was rebranded as Robi and the company came to be known as Robi Axiata Limited. Robi is truly a people- point brand of Bangladesh. Robi, the peoples champion, is there for the people of Bangladesh, where they unavoidableness and the way they want. Having the local tradition at its core, Robi marches ahead with innovation and creativity. To ensure leading-edge technology, Robi draws from the international expertise of Axiata and NTT DOCOMO INC. It supports 2G voice, CAMEL Phase II & III and GPRS/EDGE service with high speed internet connectivity.Its GSM service is based on a robust network architecture and cutting edge technology such as Intelligent Network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi 161 solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage and multiple global partners for international roaming. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 600 op erators across more than 200 countries. Its customer centric solution includes value added services, quality customer care, slowly access forecast centers, digital network security and flexible tariff rates (http//www. obi. com. bd). Robi Axiata Limited is a Joint Venture company between Axiata Group Berhad (70%) and NTT DOCOMO INC. (30%) (http//www. robi. com. bd). Objectives of the Study The prime objective of the study is to compare the performance between Grameenphone and Robi in the telecommunications sector of Bangladesh. The more specific objectives are as fol tour ones 1. To determine the movers that influence consumers to choose a mobile phone operator. 2. To find out different types of facilities that both companies are offering to grasp new customers and to retain the present one. . To know about the specific area where subscribers are at ease or dissatisfy. 4. To find out the direct of customer satisfaction towards the services provided by Grameenphone and Robi. 5 . To provide whatsoever recommendations to increase the performance of Grameenphone and Robi. Methodology of the Study The methodology adopted for the current study is presented below in a sequential manner Sources of Data This study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through personal interview with a structured questionnaire and direct observations.Secondary data were collected from the published official statistics, report documents, laws, ordinance, books, articles, periodicals of different domestic and international agencies, annual reports of concerned cell phone operators, ministry of posts & telecommunications, websites and so on Questionnaire Design The primary data were collected from relative mobile phone companies customers from Khulna city. Total 200 customers (100 customers of Robi and 100 customers of Grameenphone) were surveyed through the convenience sampling method with questionnaire from March to June 2011.The questionnaire c onsisted of 25 questions. The questionnaire was pre-tested (piloted) on a convenience sample of 30 respondents of both cell phone companies from Khulna city. The aim was to check that the issues were pertinent and the questions were clear, understandable, and comprehensible. The layout of some questions was modified and further improvements were done as a result of the pilot study. Data psychoanalysis Methods A five-point Likert type scale statements were used to measure the variables where 1 stands for strongly disagreed and 5 stands for strongly agreed effect on the statements (Luthans, 2002).After collection of primary data, hypotheses were formulated and paired samples t-test was used to test the hypotheses with 0. 05 level of statistical significance. The statistical computer package SPSS version 16. 0 was used to analyze the data. 162 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 Hypotheses prep Research meditation is an unproven statement, which patrons the rese archer to draw the suggestion on his hypothetical assumption whether it is true or false based on some specific statistical test (Alam and Neger, 2009). For the convenience of the study the following hypotheses are developed which are to be tested. circuit card 1 Developing Hypotheses for Different Factors Alternative hypothesis Factors Null hypothesis (H0) (Ha) Network Coverage x ncm? 0 x ncm* =0 Effectiveness of Network x enm? 0 x enm=0 first Call Rate x lcrm=0 x lcrm? 0 Availability of SIM mental capacity x ascm=0 x ascm? 0 Low Price SIM bill x lpscm=0 x lpscm? 0 Solution of the Problems Related to x sprsrm=0 x sprsrm? 0 SIM Replacement Special Offer to the Customers x socm=0 x socm? 0 throw in the towel Talk clock & Bonus Facilities x ftbfm=0 x ftbfm? 0 impulsion quick-wittedness x pfm=0 x pfm? 0 Availability of Flexi Load/Easy Load x aflelfm=0 x aflelfm? 0 Facility Friends & Family Number Facility x ffnm=0 x ffnm? Internet & GPRS Connection x igcm=0 x igcm? 0 Location of the Service Center x lscm? 0 x lscm=0 order Added function Facilities x vasfm? 0 x vasfm=0 *m= Two Mobile Companies (i. e Grameenphone and Robi) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Empirical Findings and Analysis An analysis is generated from the questionnaire to fulfill the objectives of the study. In order to analyze the collected data a 5-point Likert type scale has been used. 5 stands for extremely quenched customers, 4 stands for only satisfied customers, 3 stands for neutral customers, 2 stands for dissatisfied customers, and 1 stands for highly dissatisfied customers.Several judgments are being made from the solvents of customers to validate the objectives of the study. The results are presented below 1. Network Coverage Network approachability is an important factor to the customers. They give more emphasis in this particular point in purchasing the brand. The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi mesa 2 Satisfaction Regarding Network Coverage Options exceed ingly contented well-to-do unbiassed dissatisfied passing Dissatisfied Total loaded honor ( x ) step digression (SD) Coefficient of mutant (CV) Source cranial orbit Survey, March-June 2011 163 cling to 5 4 3 2 1Frequency Grameenphone 34 55 11 0 0 100 4. 23 . 63333 14. 97 Robi 15 46 29 8 2 100 3. 64 . 90476 24. 86 From the above plank, it is found that 34% respondents of GP are highly satisfied and 55% respondents are satisfied regarding network coverage. On the other hand, 15% respondents of Robi are highly satisfied and 46% respondents are satisfied and 29% respondents showed their disinterest regarding network coverage. here(predicate) represent value of GP and Robi respondents regarding network coverage are independently 4. 23 and 3. 64 and the coefficient of variation are respectively 14. 97 and 24. 6, which indicate that GP is in a very strong position than Robi. 2. Effectiveness of Network When the customers have the information in their hand about the different network initiation of the different cell phone operators then they give the priority to buy the connection of that operator which has the best coverage. Customers also give importance on the say-so of the network. Table 3 shows that 62% customers are satisfied and 25% customers are highly satisfied about the effectiveness of network of GP. On the other hand, 32% customers were neutral in their opinion towards the effectiveness of network of Robi.Of whom 26% customers were satisfied and 18% customers were highly satisfied. The mean value of customers response towards the effectiveness of network of GP is 4. 12, which lies in satisfied category, while mean value of Robi is 3. 29 which lies in neutral category of customers opinion. Table 3 Effectiveness of Network Options highly convenient squelched Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of variant (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grame enphone 25 62 13 0 0 100 4. 2 . 60769 14. 75 Robi 18 26 32 15 9 100 3. 29 1. 19168 36. 22 164 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 The coefficient of variation of GP and Robi are respectively 14. 75 and 36. 22 which indicate that the opinion of the customers of GP is less deviated than Robi. 3. Call Rate From the table 4 it is found that 48% respondents of Robi showed their neutrality and 31% and 18% respondents were respectively satisfied and highly satisfied. On the other hand, 73% GP customers are dissatisfied and 15% are highly satisfied towards the chaffer rate.Table 4 Satisfaction Regarding Call Rate Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 0 18 0 31 12 48 73 3 15 0 100 100 1. 97 3. 64 .52136 . 81054 26. 46 22. 27 Here mean value of GP and Robi respondents are respec tively 1. 97 and 3. 64 indicate that Robi is in strong position than GP regarding presage rate. The value of CV of Rabi and GP are 22. 27 and 26. 46 accordingly. It is find that the CV of Robi is lower than GP.That means the customers of Robi perceived low call rate than that of GP. 4. Availability of SIM Card From the table 5 it is found that GP customers have sex availability of the SIM card. Thats why about 47% respondents of GP are in highly satisfied level and 38% are satisfied regarding availability of SIM card. On the other hand, 28% Robi customers were neutral and 31% were satisfied towards availability of SIM card. Table 5 Availability of SIM Card Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 47 15 38 31 15 28 0 19 0 7 100 100 4. 32 3. 28 . 72307 1. 14662 16. 74 34. 96 The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi clxv Here mean value of GP and Robi respondents regarding availability of the SIM cards are respectively 4. 32 and 3. 28 and the coefficient of variation are respectively 16. 74 and 34. 96, indicate that GP is in a strong position than Robi. 5. Low Price SIM Card Customers incessantly expect that when they will feel the necessity for the SIM card of nay mobile phone operators, at that time they will get the SIM card in low price.Table 6 shows that 40% respondents of GP are dissatisfied and 35% respondents are neutral in their opinion regarding low price SIM card. On the other hand, 32% Robi customers were satisfied and 29% were highly satisfied about low price SIM card. The mean value of customers response regarding low price SIM card of GP is 2. 57, which lies in neutral category, while mean value of Robi is 3. 79, which falls in satisfied category of customers responses. In this regard, the value of CV of Robi is lower than that of GP. It is found that the opinion of the customers of Robi is less scattered than GP i. Robi offer low price SIM card. Table 6 Low Price SIM Card Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone 5 9 35 40 11 100 2. 57 . 97706 38. 02 Robi 29 32 28 11 0 100 3. 79 . 98775 26. 06 6. Solution of the Problems Related to SIM Replacement Table 7 shows that 54% respondents of GP are satisfied and 21% respondents are neutral in satisfaction regarding solution of the problems related to SIM replacement.About 54. 00% of the respondents of GP are above the satisfied level. On the other hand, 47% Robi customers are satisfied and 24% customers showed their neutrality. 166 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 Table 7 Solution of the Problems Related to SIM Replacement Options Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 16 13 54 47 21 24 9 11 0 5 100 100 3. 77 3. 52 . 82701 1. 01980 21. 94 28. 97 Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011Here mean value of GP and Robi respondents about satisfaction regarding solution of the problems related to SIM replacement are respectively 3. 77 and 3. 52 and the CV is 21. 94 and 28. 97 accordingly. It is observed that the CV of GP is less than the CV of Robi. So, the researchers can conclude that the customers GP are more satisfied than that of Robi towards satisfaction regarding solution of the problems related to SIM replacement. 7. Special Offers to the Customers Customers always expect that their operators will give some special offers to them regularly.The operators who are providing special offers to customers, are getting more customers. Table 7 reveals that about 39% respondents of Robi are satisfied and 26% are neutral. On t he other hand, 37% GP customers are showing their neutrality and 32% was dissatisfied regarding special offers to the customers. Table 8 Special Offers to the Customers Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 9 21 12 39 37 26 32 14 10 0 100 100 2. 78 3. 67 1. 7853 . 96457 38. 80 26. 28 Mean value of GP and Robi respondents regarding special offers to the customers are respectively 2. 78 and 3. 67 and the coefficient of variation are respectively 38. 80 and 26. 28. It indicates that Robi is in a cleanse position than GP in providing special offers to the customers. The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi 8. Free Talk Time & Bonus Facilities 167 Free talk time & bonus facilities are very important for the customers to choose a particular mobile phone service provider. So, they always interch angeable to use the connection of that operator who will offer them free talk time & bonus facilities.Table 9 Free Talk Time & Bonus Facilities Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 0 26 0 39 7 25 51 10 42 0 100 100 1. 65 3. 81 . 60927 . 93954 36. 93 24. 66 Table 9 shows that 51% customers are dissatisfied and 42% customers are highly dissatisfied about free talk time & bonus facilities of GP. On the other hand, 39% customers were satisfied in their opinion towards free talk time & bonus facilities of Robi.Of whom 26% customers were highly satisfied and 25% customers were neutral. The mean value of customers response towards free talk time & bonus facilities of GP is 1. 65, which lies in dissatisfied category, while mean value of Robi is 3. 81 which lie in satisfied category of customers op inion. The value of CV of Robi is lower than GP and it denotes that the customers opinion of Robi is less deviated than GP. So, it can be concluded that the customers of Robi are enjoying more free talk time & bonus facilities than GP customers. 9. Pulse Facilitiy The customers who want to talk in a short time desire for pulse facilities.There are some operators in our country who are providing pulse facilities to the customers. Table 10 reveals that about 49% respondents of Robi are dissatisfied and 22% customers are satisfied. On the other hand, 68% GP customers are dissatisfied and 23% were highly dissatisfied regarding pulse facilities to the customers. 168 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 Table 10 Satisfaction Regarding Pulse Facility Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenph one Robi 0 5 0 22 9 17 68 49 23 7 100 100 1. 86 2. 69 . 55085 1. 05117 29. 62 39. 08 Here mean value of GP and Robi respondents regarding pulse facility to the customer are respectively 1. 86 and 2. 69 indicate that Robi is in a strong position than GP. 10. Availability of Flexi Load/Easy Load Facilities It is more important to the customer. Every customer wants these facilities in a convenient location. The operator who provides this facilities the customers are more satisfied on that operator than that of others.Table 11 Availability of Flexi Load/Easy Load Facilities Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 63 12 32 20 5 32 0 29 0 7 100 100 4. 58 3. 01 . 58913 1. 12362 12. 86 37. 33 Table 12 shows that 63% customers are highly satisfied and 32% customers are satisfied regarding availability of flexi buck facility of GP.On the other hand, 32% customers were neutral in their opinion towards Easy Load facility of Robi of whom 29% customers were dissatisfied and 20% customers were satisfied. The mean value of customers response towards availability of flexi load/easy load facilities of GP is 4. 58, which lies in highly satisfied category, while mean value of Robi is 3. 01 which lies in neutral category of customers opinion. The coefficient of variation of GP and Robi are respectively 12. 86 and 37. 33 which indicate that the opinion of the customers of GP is less deviated than that of Robi.The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi 11. Friends and Family Number Facilities 169 Every customer has some special number which is very much essential to him. He or she needs to talk with these numbers frequently. So he or she expects a lower tariff for these numbers. Cell phone operators provide some facilities for these FnF number. The operator who provides lower tariff and gives opportunity to more FnF number the customers are more satisfied with that operator. Table 13 reveals that about 53% respondents of Robi are highly satisfied and 28% customers are satisfied.On the other hand, 49% GP customers are highly satisfied and 33% were satisfied regarding friends and family number facilities to the customers. Table 12 Friends and Family Number Facilities Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone 49 33 14 4 0 100 4. 27 . 85108 19. 93 Robi 53 28 12 7 0 100 4. 27 . 93046 21. 79 Here mean value of GP and Robi to the customer satisfaction regarding friends and family number facilities are respectively 4. 7 and 4. 27 and the coefficient of variation are 19. 93 and 21. 79 indicate that both the operators are near about equal position. 12. Internet and GPRS Connection Internet and GPR S connection are very important for the young cell phone users. They want to get these facilities within low cost. Table 13 Internet and GPRS Connection Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone Robi 11 8 28 25 35 31 16 22 10 14 100 100 3. 15 2. 91 1. 2254 1. 16424 35. 64 40. 01 170 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 From the above table, it is found that 35% respondents of GP are neutral and 28% respondents are satisfied regarding Internet and GPRS connection. On the other hand, 31% respondents of Robi showed their neutrality and 25% respondents are satisfied and 22% respondents are dissatisfied regarding Internet and GPRS connection. Here mean value of GP and Robi respondents are respectively 3. 15 and 2. 91 and the coefficient of variation are respectively 35. 64 and 40. 01, which indicate that GP is in a good position than Robi. 3. Location of the Service Center Table 15 shows that 40% customers are satisfied and 29% customers are highly satisfied 24% customers showed their neutrality regarding location of the service center of GP. On the other hand, 37% customers were satisfied towards location of the service center of Robi. Of whom 28% customers were neutral and 26% customers were highly satisfied. Table 14 Location of the Service Center Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone 29 40 24 7 0 100 3. 91 . 90000 23. 02 Robi 26 37 28 9 0 100 3. 80 . 93203 24. 53 Here mean value of GP and Robi to the customers satisfaction regarding location of the service center are respectively 3. 91 and 3. 80 and the coefficient of variation are 23. 02 and 24. 53 indicate that GP is in a better position than Robi. 14. Value Added Services Facilities Cell phone operators provide some value added services such as SMS, MMS, and VMS etc. which is very important to the customers. The Performance of Grameenphone and RobiTable 15 Value Added Services Facilities Options Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total Mean Value ( x ) Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Source Field Survey, March-June 2011 171 Value 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency Grameenphone 10 45 36 5 4 100 3. 52 . 89307 25. 37 Robi 8 44 39 6 3 100 3. 48 . 84662 24. 33 Table 18 indicates that 44% respondents of Robi are in satisfied level and 39% are neutral in their opinion regarding value added services. On the other hand, 45% GP customers were satisfied and 36% expressed their neutrality.The mean value of customers response towards value added services of GP is 3. 52, which lies in satisfied category, while mean value of Robi is 3. 48 which lie in neutral category of c ustomers opinion. The value of CV of Robi is lower than GP and it denotes that the customers opinion of Robi is less deviated than GP. In fine it can be said both the companies tried to reach their best position by offering various opportunities. Both the companies are staying a strong position. But their initial investment, customers, registration number of customers is different from each other.It is also seen that some of the customers are satisfied with the specific sectors of Grameenphone and some of the customers are satisfied with the specific sectors of Robi. Test of Hypotheses and Results Test of hypotheses and results have been presented in the below table 20 by the help of the statistical package SPSS version 16. 0. The interpretations of the hypotheses testing have been given after the table 20. Table 16 Paired Samples Test between Grameenphone and Robi Paired deviations Variables Mean 1. Network Coverage 2. Effectiveness of Network 3. Call Rate 4. Availability of SIM C ard . 9000 . 83000 . 50000 1. 04000 Std. Std. Error Deviation Mean . 53362 . 05336 . 73930 . 07393 . 50252 . 05025 . 58465 . 05847 95% Confidence time interval of the Difference Lower . 48412 . 68331 . 40029 . 92399 Upper t df 99 99 99 99 . 69588 11. 057 . 97669 11. 227 . 59971 9. 950 1. 15601 17. 788 Sig. (2tailed) . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Cont. Table 172 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 Paired Differences Variables Mean 5. Low Price SIM Card 6. Solution of the Problems Related to SIM Replacement 7. Special Offer to the Customers 8. Free Talk Time & Bonus Facilities 9. Pulse Facility 10.Availability of Flexi Load/Easy Load Facility 11. Friends & Family Number Facility 12. Internet & GPRS Connection 13. Location of the Service Center 14. Value Added Services Facilities -1. 22000 . 25000 -. 89000 -2. 16000 -. 83000 1. 57000 . 00000 . 24000 . 11000 . 04000 Std. Std. Error Deviation Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper t df 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Sig. (2tailed) . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 1. 000 . 000 . 001 . 103 .52378 . 05238 -1. 32393 -1. 11607 -23. 292 . 43519 . 04352 . 37322 . 03732 . 16365 -. 96405 . 33635 5. 745 -. 81595 -23. 847 .58119 . 5812 -2. 27532 -2. 04468 -37. 165 . 77921 . 07792 -. 98461 -. 67539 -10. 652 1. 71451 21. 557 . 05640 . 32517 . 17240 . 08819 . 000 5. 591 3. 498 1. 647 .72829 . 07283 1. 42549 . 28427 . 02843 . 42923 . 04292 . 31447 . 03145 . 24288 . 02429 -. 05640 . 15483 . 04760 -. 00819 Table 16 shows that in case of the factor network coverage the calculated value of t (11. 057) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That means, Ha is recognised. Regarding effectiveness of network the calculated value of t (11. 227) is more than the tabulated value of t (1. 6) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That means, Ha is accepted. For the factor call rate the calculated value of t (9. 950) is higher than the table v alue of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That is, Ha is supported. below the variable Availability of SIM card the calculated value of t (17. 788) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That means, Ha is accepted. In case of low price SIM card the calculated value of t (-23. 292) is less than the table value of t (-1. 96) at 5% level of significance.So, H0 holds true. That means, H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi 173 Regarding solution of the problems related to SIM replacement the calculated value of t (5. 745) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That is, Ha is accepted. Under the variable special offer to the customers the calculated value of t (-23. 847) is less than the table value of t (-1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 holds true. That is, H0 is supported. In case of free talk time & bonu s facilities the calculated value of t (-37. 65) is less than the table value of t (-1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 holds true. That means, H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. Under the variable pulse facility the calculated value of t (-10. 652) is less than the table value of t (-1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 holds true. That means, H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. For the factor availability of flexi load/easy load facility the calculated value of t (21. 557) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That means, Ha is accepted. In case of friends & family umber facility the calculated value of t (0) is less than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 holds true. That means, H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. For the factor Internet & GPRS connection the calculated value of t (5. 591) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. T hat means, Ha is accepted. Regarding location of the service center the calculated value of t (3. 498) is greater than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 is rejected. That means, Ha is accepted.Under the variable value added services facilities the calculated value of t (1. 647) is less than the table value of t (1. 96) at 5% level of significance. So, H0 holds true. That means, H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. Summary of Findings Grameenphone spent a large amount of money in the establishment year for the mainstay purpose and is doing better for the network coverage than that of Robi. Most of the customers of GP have given their opinion in favor of effectiveness of network. The customers of Robi perceived low call rate than that of GP. GP is in a strong position than Robi regarding availability of SIM card.It is found that the opinion of the customers of Robi is less scattered than GP i. e Robi offer low price SIM card. GP is in a better pos ition in providing solution of the problems related to SIM replacement than Robi. It is observed that Robi is in a better position than GP in providing special offers to the customers. The customers of Robi are enjoying more free talk time & bonus facilities than GP customers. 174 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 It is found that most of the customers of GP and Robi are dissatisfied regarding pulse facilities.But in comparison between these two operators, Robi is in a better position. Flexi load facility of Grameenphone is more available than that of easy load facility of Robi surrounding the country. The performance of both GP and Robi are satisfactory regarding friends and family number facilities to the customers. It is found that most of the customers of GP and Robi are showing their neutrality regarding Internet and GPRS connection. But in comparison between these two operators, GP is in better position. The customers of both the operators are satisfi ed in case of location of the service center.It is found that the customers opinion of Robi is less deviated than GP in case of value added services. That is Robi provides more value added services than GP. Conclusion Quality of telecommunications service depends on both the telephone network and the supporting services. The first is known as equipment and system oriented quality and the second as people and process oriented quality. Equipment and system oriented quality consists of activities directly related to the network while people and process oriented quality consists of activities provided over the telephone network or face to face (Yusuf and Alam, 2010).The quality of service of mobile telecommunications is usually measured in terms of some common parameters such as call completion rate, call drop rate, voice quality, percentage of complaints resolved within a stipulated time and customer service etc. (TRAI, 2008, Sutherland,2007, Australian Communications and Media Autho rity 2008). Accessibility and connectivity needs to be further improved. This can be achieved through the upgrading of technological infrastructure as well as the lowering of the internet economic consumption costs through mobile phones to a more affordable level (Mahmud and Chowdhury, 2010).The research has provided insights like what are positive and negative aspects of both of the operators. For instance, the total number of customers of Grameenphone are very high than Robi. Grameenphone Company spent a large amount of money in the establishment year for the tower purpose and is doing better for the network facilities. On the other hand, Robi is doing better in case of call rate, low price SIM card, friends and family number facilities, bonus system etc.Robi needs to improve its sorry network coverage, problem related to SIM replacement, insufficiency of the scratch card and easy load facilities, lack of convenient location of the service center and discount facilities etc. On the other hand Grameenphone is in a better position in comparison to Robi. It is doing better in case of following services like network coverage, effectiveness of network, solution of the problem related to SIM replacement, reconnection and migration, availability of the scratch card and flexi load facilities, location of the service center etc.But it can not be said that its services is much attractive to the customers. It has some other problems like lack of limited friends and family (FnF) number facilities and lack of bonus system (Free talk time, SMS), high call rate, lack of special offers to the customers, lack of pulse facilities etc. If GP takes initiative to remove or reduce these drawbacks, then it will be more successful in the telecommunications industry of Bangladesh. The Performance of Grameenphone and Robi 175 RecommendationsRecommendations for Grameenphone The authors have suggested some recommendations for improving the performance of Grameenphone are as follows1. The authority of Grameenphone should reduce its higher call give. At the same time, the reduced call charge should be applied for all operators, not only for GP to GP, but also from GP to other operators. 2. It should provide more friends and family number facilities with GP to GP and other operators. 3. The Company should focus more to the prepaid subscribers than the post-paid subscribers. 4. SIM replacement (in case of lost or damaged SIM) charge should be reduced. . Most of the value added services (VAS) are not friendly for general handset users. GP should take some go so that general handset users get an opportunity to have that VAS. Recommendations for Robi The following are the provided recommendations by the authors to improve the performance of Robi1. Customers have been switching to other operators as a result of their poor network infrastructure. So, Robi should have quick expansion in network development all over Bangladesh if it wants to keep its customers to stay w ith it. 2. Time duration of easy load and scratch card should lengthen.Easy load facility should be made easily available. 3. Charge should be reduced than the existing charge to take a new SIM if it is either damaged or lost. 4. The privilege services of the customer retention scheme of Robi should be launched as soon as possible as djuice of Grameenphone has already started to saturate a certain segment of the market through its X-tra Khatir Card. 5. The Value Added Services (VAS) department should be plan of attack up with more ideas to entertain its customers. This department has its potential but should be using it to the full range to provide more useful services to customers needs. . Customer Care has turned out to be one of the most focused points in the telecom industry. Survey results show subscribers expect a lot of it and would consider special care facilities. References Agar, J. (2003) Constant touch A global history of the mobile phone, Journal of Service selling, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 21-27. Alam, M. J. , and Neger, M. (2009) Measuring consumer attitude towards beautification products A study on some selected brands in Bangladesh, Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), vol. 4, issue 2, p. 61.Australian Communications and Media Authority (2008) Telecommunications Today, Report 4, Customer Satisfaction, February. Balasooriya, A. F. , Alam, Q. , & Coghill, K. (2007) Ownership, competition and regulating under privatization policy the Sri Lankan experience, International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 611-628. 176 ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2011 Bolton, R. N. (1998) A dynamic model of the duration of customers relationship with a continuous service provider The role of customer satisfaction, Journal of Marketing, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 5-9. Camp, L. J. & Anderson, B. L. (2001) Deregulating the local loop The telecommunications regulation path less elect as taken by Bangladesh, International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 100-114. Coldwell. (2001) The Practice of Management, 4th edition, New York Harper & Row. Gupta S. P. and Gupta M. P. (2006) Business statistics, 11th ed. , New Delhi sultan Chand & Sons. Hasan, Mahmud. (2008) Mobile phone operators in Bangladesh, The Daily Star, 7 January. Heinonen, K. and Andersson, P. (2003) Swedish mobile market Consumer perceptions of mobile services, Journal of Service Marketing, vol. , no. 1, pp. 33-36. Hess, D. J. (1997) Science Studies An sophisticated Introduction, New York New York University Press. Khalil, M. (2000) Ministerial support for mobile Middle East Times, Journal of European Business Management, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 54-81. Khan, M. A. S. (2003) Privatization in the telecommunication sector An overview of comparative Bangladesh situation, The Bangladesh Accountant, 4114 pp. 29-36. Luthans, F. (2002) Organizational Behavior, 9th edition, New York McGraw-Hill International Companies Inc. Mah mud, K. and Chowdhury, S. M. R. 2010) Prospects of mobile learning for digital Bangladesh, Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), vol. 5, issue 1, January-June, pp. 50-61. Mitchell, K. and Whitmore, M. 2003. Marketing Management In Book-Location Based Services, Journal of American Business and Economics, 41(2)85-91. Rahman, M. T. (2010) Making Teletalk a healthy competitor among the mobile phone operators in Bangladesh, Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), vol. 5, issue 2, July-December, p. 133. Silva, H. D. , & Khan, A. S. (2004) Regulation and investment Case study of Bangladesh, WDR Dialogue Theme Discussion Paper WDR 03111-33.Sutherland, E. (2007) The regulation of the quality of service in mobile networks, Info 9(6), pp. 17-34. Symeou, P. C. (2009) Does smallness affect the liberalization of telecommunications? The case of Cyprus, Telecommunications Policy 33 (3-4), pp. 215-229. TRAI. (2008) Quality of service assessment Report of survey for basic service (Wireline) , cellular Mobile (Wireless) and Broadband, New Delhi TRAI. Wang, Y. , & Lo, H. P. (2002) Service quality, customer satisfaction and behavior intentions Evidence from Chinas telecommunication industry, Info, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 50-60. Yusuf, M. A. and Alam, Q. 2010) The influence of regulatory environment on mobile phone service quality The case of Bangladesh, Annual Asian Business Research Conference 2010, p. 5. Web References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. http//www. grameenphone. com/about-us (Retrieved on 11 August 2011) http//www. grameenphone. com/about-us/corporate-information/ownership (Retrieved on 11 August 2011) http//www. btrc. gov. bd/licensing/operators/mobile_operators. php (accessed on 11 August 2011). http//www. robi. com. bd/index. php/page/view/98 (Accessed on 12 August 2011) http//www. robi. com. bd/index. php/page/view/99 (Accessed on 12 August 2011).